Anti-bribery laws in the U.S: Ethics and Airbus Essay -- internationa

International business is risky especially when companies involved play by a different set of rules. Knowing the differences in culture, politics and the primary legal environments of a host country, allows the companies to conduct business and make quality decisions based on the business climate, creating a marketing mix specific to each country and region (CSU, module 3, 2014). Detailed research helps companies create a solid marketing mix, but does not guarantee that the obstacles of payoff’s and bribery won’t hinder the outcome. Below the surface level of many sales negotiations, like those seen in our case study of Boeing and Airbus, are driven not on their marketing mix, quality, reputation or reach, but rather on power, bribery, politics and corruption, which plays a very real role in international business negotiations. Anti-bribery laws in the U.S. were established to prevent the rampant corruption exhibited in the Airbus case study. Similar anti-corruption laws do not exist in many of the host countries the U.S. does business with. Host county’s laws and regulations take on different forms especially when power, money and politics are involved, manipulating or creating a new set of rules to benefit their own selfish needs. Savvy sales negotiators, like those at Airbus, seek opportunities through loop holes, off shore accounts and large sums of bribery money, to entice country officials or others with the authority to make purchases to commit to Airbus. A more uniform worldwide approach to international laws needs to be adapted, implemented and more importantly enforced, so all companies involved can conduct fair business practices under the same set of rules. Legal or Illegal who Benefits Airbus and... ...d sets the foundation for companies to mitigate disputes through conciliation, arbitration, or, as a last resort, litigation. Most international businesspeople prefer a settlement through arbitration rather than by suing a foreign company (Cateora, Gilly & Graham, 2013). Based on marketing strategy, had Airbus adopted anti bribery laws prior to the many cases in question, the outcome might not be favorable to them. It would not have been in the best interest of Airbus to follow commonly accepted business practices established by the U.S.. Works Cited Cateora, P., Gilly, M., & Graham, J. (2013). International Marketing 16th edition: New York, N.Y: Mc Graw-Hill Irwin companies, Inc. Colorado State University-Global Campus. (2010). Case 2-4 - Ethic and Airbus [Blackboard ecourse]. In MKG 400 – International and Multi-Cultural Marketing. Greenwood Village, CO.

Theories on Criminal Behavior

There are many theories that provide an explanation of criminal behavior. According to some theories, delinquent behavior is innate in an individual. Other theories say that crime is influenced by environmental, economic, and psychological aspects (University of North Texas, nd). Biological Theories According to the biological theories, criminals have a different physiological makeup from non-criminals. Their biological inferiority is what pushes them to resort to criminal activities.There had been multiple studies that attempts to find out if criminality is hereditary through analysis of family trees, identical and fraternal twins, statistics, and adopted children. However, these approaches have proved futile because they cannot distinguish hereditary from environmental influences (University of North Texas, nd). Contemporary researches, on the other hand, has discovered a wide array of biological factors that have direct or indirect connection with criminal or delinquent activities .Among them are lack of chemicals, minerals, and vitamins in the food they eat, sugar and carbohydrates-rich food, and hypoglycemia. Exposure to radiation, dysfunctions in the brain, and swallowing of food dyes and lead also play an important role in criminal behaviors. Likewise, criminal acts have something to do with hormonal abnormalities, particularly those that are connected with testosterone (the male sex hormone) and progesterone and estrogen (the sex hormones related to female). By injecting estrogen to male sex offenders would minimize their sexual drives(University of North Texas, nd).In addition, biological theorists likewise believe that the interplay of biological, environmental and social conditions can have an effect on criminal behavior. The genetic makeup of the criminal gives them a predisposition to act in a certain manner. The environmental and social conditions determines the actual behavior as well as the definition of that act(University of North Texas, nd). P sychological Theories The belief that criminal behavior is caused by low intelligence gained ground in the United States.In order to prove this view, a study was conducted in 1931 and reached a zero correlation between the intelligence of an individual and criminal behavior(University of North Texas, nd). According to Sigmund Freud’s psychoanalytic theory, criminal behaviors are associated with psychopaths or those who have internal problems that have been unresolved. Psychopaths are people who are rules by senseless guilt, subjective conscience, and no do not know how to distinguish right from wrong. In general, they find it hard to establish relationships with other people and do not know how to be emphatic(University of North Texas, nd).Sociological TheoriesAccording to sociologists, how people behave is determined by the social group as well as the social structure. The conditions of their society may cause them to commit crimes and delinquency(University of North Texas, nd).Sub-cultural Theory of DelinquencyIn the 1920s, the Chicago School, composed of sociologists, attempted to discover the connection between the crime rate of a community and its characteristics. According to this theory, social disorganization can take place in a neighborhood where the rate of delinquency is high.Social disorganization takes place when:1) there is absence of delinquency control;2) the criminal behavior is most of the time with the consent of parents as well as the community;3) the opportunity for delinquency presents itself; 4) there is minimal encouragement, training, or possibility for legal employment(University of North Texas, nd).Anomie TheoryThis theory was proposed by Robert Merton in 1938. Anomie explains the major difference between the cultural objectives and social structure of the United States. People experience strain as a result of their limited access to legal means of achieving wealth.In order to cope up with this inadequacy, people accumulate we alth through illegal methods as well as through conformity. Other forms of adaptation, according to the anomie theory, include ritualism, wherein the individual does not pursue the wealth actively, and rebellion, where the individual does not accept both the goal of the wealth as well as the legal means of obtaining it(University of North Texas, nd).Differential AssociationThis theory, introduced by Edwin Sutherland, is one of the major beliefs that explains the causes of criminal behavior.According to Sutherland, criminal behavior takes place because the delinquent individual has been exposed to criminal elements and isolated from anti-criminal patterns(University of North Texas, nd).Social Learning TheoryAccording to the principles of learning theory, the best way to approach criminality is to implement policies that would effectively punish criminals. Sadly, this is not being implemented in the United States. At present, the delinquent individual is usually not incarcerated and r eturned to the same community where they have been exposed to criminal behavior.Likewise, the method of punishment lacks consistency and is not immediately implemented. Alternative or prosocial behaviors is not rewarded with positive reinforcement(University of North Texas, nd).Social Control TheoryThe social control theory does not attempt to uncover the reasons why criminal behavior is committed but rather focuses on why people conform and accept these behaviors(University of North Texas, nd). Travis Hirschi, in his 1969 book Causes of Delinquency, provides a comprehensive presentation of contemporary social control theory.In his book, Hirschi concluded that delinquent behavior is likely unless the offender is exposed in a society that is characterized by attachment to other people, commitment to traditional means of action, involvement in usual activities, and concurrence to moral order and law(University of North Texas, nd). Moreover, Hirschi explained that the leading cause of delinquency is ineffective child rearing, which results to individuals with low self-control(University of North Texas, nd).Labeling TheoryThis theory places emphasis on the criminalization process itself as the reason for some crimes.The criminalization process refers to the definition of criminals and delinquent behavior. According to the labeling theory, the first time a person commits a delinquent act and gets punished by the criminal system, they are already viewed as a criminal and it eventually becomes a self-fulfilling prophecy(University of North Texas, nd).Conflict TheoryThis theory delves on the struggle between rich and poor, management and employees, majority and minority group. According to the conflict theory, society involves conflicts between rival interest groups and that the law and justice system functions in order to control subordinate groups.Crime results from the lack of power(University of North Texas, nd).Radical/Marxist TheoryAccording to this theory, capi talism demands competition of people in order to gain material wealth. Because of the uneven distribution of wealth, people have taken advantage of people who are less powerful than them as they accumulate wealth(University of North Texas, nd). According to the radical theory, criminal behavior is caused by what Marx calls class struggle (University of North Texas, nd).Real Life Cases of Criminal Behavior For a period of two years, FBI Special Agent Robert Hazelwood and Janet Warren from the University of Virginia’s Institute of Psychiatry and Law conducted interviews of 41 men who were convicted for the rape of 837 victims. Based on the interviews, 55-61% of the criminals committed premeditated rape during the first, middle, and final act. 15 – 22% of the criminals said that their acts were results of their impulse while 22 – 24% said that the opportunity to rape presented itself(Hazelwood & Warren, 1990).According to Janet Warren from the University of Virgini a, there are methods of sexual attacks on women. The first one is called the ‘con’ approach. In this method, the rapist openly talks to their victims and asks if they can do anything to help them. As soon as the victim is within their control, that is the time they perpetrate their evil plans. This was the case used by one of the interviewed rapists named John, who was responsible for raping 20 victims(Hazelwood & Warren, 1990). The second method used by rapist is the ‘blitz.Here the rapist physically assaults their victims by using chemicals or gases. Most of the times, however, they use their strength to overpower the woman. This was the case of 28 year-old Phil, who raped one of his victims in a vehicle(Hazelwood & Warren, 1990). Finally, the third method is the ‘surprise. ’ In this approach, the rapist pre-selects their would-be victim. The physical assault is perpetrated by the offender waiting for the woman. Weapons, such as guns or knives, as w ell as threats are involved in the surprise approach. 24-year old Sam chooses his victims by observing her patterns.He was able to rape 20 victims before he was caught(Hazelwood & Warren, 1990).ConclusionThere are many theories that explain the reasons why people resort to criminal behaviors. The causes of criminality may be psychological, social, or biological.ReferencesExplaining Crime. University of North Texas. Retrieved July 21 2008 from http://www. unt. edu/cjus/Course_Pages/CJUS_2100/2100chapter3. pptHazelwood, R. , & Warren, J(February 1990). The Criminal Behavior of the Serial Rapist. Holysmoke. Org. Retrieved July 21 2008 from http://www. holysmoke. org/fem/fem0126. htm

India Needs Socialism Essay - 1182 Words

The Indian economy is an interesting thing on one side we see Middle aged men in Imported Cars , Tall buildings with luxury apartments , five star hotels and clubs full of people spending thousands and posh luxury office’s It feels like money just spills out of the pockets of the rich to make this capitalist utopia of the few . We also see slums , factories with horrible workings conditions , Beggars and rag pickers on the roads living on less than the bare minimum needed to survive .When I was 12 years old I saw a women feeding her child of a trash can and in my hand was a burger from a fancy American fast food joint . I still think of that day and I dont feel lucky but guilty . If you wanted me to write this essay on â€Å"The†¦show more content†¦Certainly not . The assumption that this system rewards those who work hard is false . The incomes and rewards in this system , are not only unfair but also unequal . The richest 3 Richest people in the world own more money than the poorest 10 % of the world population . The ten percent of the world population is 686110000 , So do you mean 3 people work more harder than effort of 686110000 people combined ? The answer is an obvious no . The rich dont work for their money but make money work for them .The working man works nine hours a days and at the end of the month ,day or after a certain period of time he gets a wage . The rich man on the other hand has never worked for money but he works for acquiring assets and these assets make him rich whether he works or not . I will look at the economy from the eyes from the worst off and all I see is misery and hunger . Well this economic system is beyond doubt the cause of poverty in this country and something has to be done about it . The first thing that comes to your mind is that the government should help the poor and the oppressed . The government is run by politicians and most of the times , these politicians in power are not there for the oppressed masses but for filling there pockets with money . ThisShow MoreRelatedHis 103: the Asian World Notes Essay1646 Words   |  7 Pages1) Nationalism, socialism, and religion have all played a major role in anti-colonial struggles and post-colonial constructions in India and Southeast Asia. Which of these three ideologies do you think was most effective for colonized peoples and why? I. Nationalism was most effective for the colonized peoples of India and South East Asia a. Both socialism and Nationalism worked together to fight against imperial rule. Nationalism brought the people of India and Southeast Asia togetherRead MoreRogarian Arguments1169 Words   |  5 Pagesmust take into account the following new realities in the global economic situation: a. production has become â€Å"uncoupled† from employment b. the world economy dominates the scene c. the struggle between capitalism and socialism is over d. the growth of e-commerce diminishes the importance of national barriers e. all of the above 3. The rampant corruption and bribery witnessed in a nation’s economy is referred to as: a. re-nationalization Read MoreCha Roy : Ideas On Communism Essay1444 Words   |  6 Pages MN Roy : Ideas on Communism In early 20th century, the Indian society suffered serious conflict against colonialism. So, there was need for a sustainable political model that would guide the society towards freedom from the colonial rule. Many political thinkers emerged at that time and there were persistent debates between different ideologies and thoughts regarding the same. One such thinker was MN Roy. He strongly believed that any major political change must end with a revolution and a revolutionRead MoreSocialism and Karl Marx832 Words   |  3 PagesSOCIALISM Socialism refers to a system in which production and distribution of goods and services is a shared responsibility of a group of people. Karl Marx developed the theories of socialism. He believed that socialism is the transitional period between capitalism and communism. In a state of socialism, there is no privately owned property. Under Capitalism, manufacturing enterprises dominate the economy but are privately owned and is operated to generate wealth for the owners and onlyRead MoreIsearch In the United States, socialism is widely viewed as ‘bad word’, as an insult of sorts.1500 Words   |  6 PagesIsearch In the United States, socialism is widely viewed as ‘bad word’, as an insult of sorts. There is no better example of this than in the last presidential election, when the right would routinely use the term to criticize president Obama and his peers. Despite the fact that many Americans still place a taboo on the term, socialist ideals such as universal healthcare, a merit based university system and stopping the greed of the upper class are becoming increasingly popular. Over the past fewRead MoreThe Debate Between Capitalism And Socialism1580 Words   |  7 Pagestime, for this reason it is very important. However, in order to debate between Capitalism and Socialism, it is necessary to understand what the differences, advantages, and disadvantages are of both systems. In the dictionary it states capitalism is an economic and political system in which a country s trade and industry are controlled by private owners for profit, rather than by the state. Socialism is a so cial and economic system characterized by social ownership of the means of production andRead MoreAnalysis Of The Article The Roads Road Serfdom By Theodore Dalrymple1489 Words   |  6 Pagesmight have expected. In fact, they often remember it as the best time of their lives.† It’s right to echo that fact that before the war, that the Britain was the protectorates of the Indian Empire. However, in 1947 the Britain’s had withdrew from India. This was the first indication of â€Å"weakness† (BBC). It was emphasized further that â€Å"Britain lacked the means to defeat a mass campaign by the congress.† Before the war, Britain â€Å"de facto† both political and economic control of 25% of the world’s populationRead MoreWhy Democracy is the Best Form of Government Essay1172 Words   |  5 PagesHowever, communism is concerned with rejecting current ideas of governing, and dubs the citizens wants as a burden to the country. Communism was centered on a revolution that was absolutely necessary for the country to spread from capitalism to socialism (Kopstein, Sept 26). During a revolution, however, rights are not considered integral to society. By ignoring people’s rights, they lose the option of choice. In addition, communism despises peoples hankering for material goods, making them obsoleteRead MoreIndia, India And The World2120 Words   |  9 Pages India is well known for the Taj Mahal, Bollywood, and the world famous curry. India is one of the fastest growing democratic countries in the world ever since the Indian government reformed their political structure to improve public finance, business and their investment environments. India is very important in the world trade but its growth is still below its actual potential, while facing disruptive corruption, poor infrastructure, and fiscal deficits that results in a burden for developmentRead MoreThe American Revolutionary War1519 Words   |  7 Pageseconomic freedom. The United States, India, Australia, Canada, Spain, France, and Great Britain are just a few of the countries that exhibit some form of democracy. For the most part, the citizens in these countries are happy people, and none of these countries are currently in a civil war. Consequently, the people living in these countries enjoy their freedom and are fortunate to have it, unlike many others in the world. Another type of government is Socialism. This form of government actually